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Anatomical position |
解剖方位 |
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All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the person is in the anatomical position. A person in the anatomical position is standing erect with the head, eyes, and toes directed forward, the heels and toes together, and the upper limbs hanging by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly. You must always visualize the anatomical position when describing patients or cadavers lying on their backs (supine position), sides, or fronts (prone position). Otherwise, confusion as to the meaning of your description will exist and serious consequences could result. |
人體結(jié)構(gòu)的描述是以人體解剖方位的設(shè)想為基礎(chǔ)的。人體解剖方位的基本設(shè)想是：人體直立，頭、兩眼和腳趾指向前方，腳趾和腳跟靠攏，上肢垂于兩側(cè)，手掌向前。在描述背朝下（仰臥)、身體一側(cè)朝下、或正面朝下（俯臥)而臥的病人或尸體時(shí)，都應(yīng)始終按解剖方位進(jìn)行，否則，人們就會(huì)對(duì)你的描述感到迷惑不解，并導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果。 |
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Planes of the body |
人體平面 |
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Many descriptions are made using imaginary planes passing through the body in the anatomical position. There are median, sagittal, coronal and horizontal planes. |
人們根據(jù)解剖方位，設(shè)想有多個(gè)平面貫穿人體，并由此作出多種描述，即正中面、矢狀面、冠狀面和水平面。 |
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The Median Plane. This is the vertical plane passing lengthwise through the midline of the body from front to back, dividing it into right and left halves, except for such internal organs as the heart and liver that do not lie in the midline. |
正中面。縱向由前向后貫穿人體正中線的垂直面，將人體分為左、右兩半，一些不在正中線上的內(nèi)臟如心、肝等除外。 |
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The Sagittal Planes. These are any vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane. These sagittal planes divide unequally the body to right and left portions. |
矢狀面。與正中面平行、貫穿人體的垂直面。矢狀面將人體分為不對(duì)待的左、右兩部分。 |
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The Coronal Planes. These are any vertical planes passing through the body dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. |
冠狀面。貫穿人體的任一垂直面，將人體分為前（正面)后（背部)部。 |
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T\he Horizontal Planes. These are any planes passing through the body at right angles to both the median and coronal planes. A horizontal plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. The horizontal plane sometimes is referred to as the transverse plane. |
水平面。與正中面和冠狀面呈直角的任何平面。水平面將身體分為上（上面)和下（正面)兩部分。水平面有時(shí)也稱為橫斷（切)面。 |
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Terms of relationship |
關(guān)系名詞 |
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Because anatomy is a descriptive science, clearly defined and unambiguous terms must be used to indicate the positions of structures to each other and to the body as a whole in the anatomical position. |
解剖學(xué)是一門描述性科學(xué)，因此，必須使用含意清晰、毫不含糊的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)描述結(jié)構(gòu)之間、結(jié)構(gòu)與整體之間的解剖位置關(guān)系。 |
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Anterior (Ventral, Front) Nearer to the front of the body is anterior. Usually the anterior surface of the hand is called the volar or palmar surface and the inferior surface of the foot is called the plantar surface or sole. Ventral is equivalent to anterior. |
前(腹側(cè)，前面) 靠近身體正面為前。通常將手的前面稱為掌面或手掌，腳的下面稱為跖面或足底。腹側(cè)與前面意義相等。 |
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Posterior (Dorsal, Behind) Nearer to the back of the body is posterior. Dorsal is interchangeable with posterior. Usually the posterior or dorsal surface of the hand is called dorsum. The term dorsum is also used to describe the anterosuperior surface of the foot.www.med126.com |
后(背側(cè)，后面) 靠近身體背部為后，背側(cè)與后面可互為換用。通常將手的背面稱為手背，背側(cè)這一術(shù)語(yǔ)亦用于描述足的前上面。醫(yī).學(xué).全.在.線.網(wǎng).站.提供 |
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Superior (Cephalic, Cranial, Above) Toward the head or upper part of the body. Cranial and cephalic are interchangeable adjectives which mean proceeding toward the brain and cranium. Rostral is often used synonymously with anterior in descriptions of the brain. |
上(頭側(cè)，顱側(cè)，上方) 指向頭或身體上部的方位。顱側(cè)和頭為可互換使用的形容詞，意為向腦或頭顱的一側(cè)。在描述腦時(shí)，嘴側(cè)常常是前的同義詞。 |
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Inferior (Caudal, Below) Toward the feet or lower part of the body and further from the head. The term caudal means nearer to the tail and is used in description of embryos. |
下(尾側(cè)、下方) 指向腳或身體下部、離頭較遠(yuǎn)的方位。尾側(cè)意指靠近尾部，常用在胚胎的描述中。 |
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Medial Toward the median plane of the body. |
內(nèi)側(cè) 靠近身體正中面。 |
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Lateral Farther away from the medium plane of the body. |
外側(cè) 遠(yuǎn)離身體正中面。 |
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In the upper limb, the radius is the lateral bone of the forearm and the ulna is the medial one. Thus, the term radial is referred to the lateral and the ulnar is referred to the medial. |
就上肢而言，橈骨是前臂外側(cè)的骨，尺骨位于內(nèi)，因而橈側(cè)意為外側(cè)，尺側(cè)意為內(nèi)側(cè)。 |
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Intermediate Between two structures, one of which is medial and the other lateral. |
中間 兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之間，即內(nèi)側(cè)和外側(cè)之間。 |
