二、詞匯知識(shí)
閱讀理解的文章中經(jīng)常不斷出現(xiàn)重復(fù)詞,有時(shí)以原詞、同義詞、近義詞、上下義詞等形式出現(xiàn)。語(yǔ)篇中的句子正是通過(guò)這種詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系達(dá)到了相互銜接、意義統(tǒng)一完整,而這些重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞匯還能突出文章的中心思想,有時(shí)從詞語(yǔ)重復(fù)現(xiàn)象能體會(huì)出作者或作品中人物的感情、態(tài)度。有時(shí)候還可以通過(guò)這些重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞來(lái)猜測(cè)語(yǔ)篇中相關(guān)的生詞,這就涉及猜詞技巧的應(yīng)用。
猜詞技巧:猜詞技巧是閱讀中一項(xiàng)非常重要和常用的技巧,是應(yīng)對(duì)生詞、確定詞匯在具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中的確切含義的主要手段。閱讀中的生詞不是孤立的,而是與其上下文中的詞、句乃至整個(gè)篇章,在意義上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和邏輯上存在著各種各樣的聯(lián)系,這些聯(lián)系便是我們推測(cè)詞義的依據(jù),通常簡(jiǎn)稱為詞的上下文線索 (context clues)。醫(yī).學(xué)全.在.線f1411.cn
常用的上下文線索有三種:舉例線索、推理線索和比較與對(duì)照性線索(包括同義詞、反義詞線索及重復(fù)線索)。
1. 舉例線索
舉例的目的是對(duì)重要的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行支持與論證或?qū)﹄y懂的概念或術(shù)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋與說(shuō)明。舉例往往會(huì)使觀點(diǎn)與概念更加清楚、明了、易懂。如在“So they became dynastic names, as Ptolemy was for the ancient Egyptian rulers. One of my names, Chief Buffalo Child, is a dynastic name and title.”一句中,作者要說(shuō)明的是dynastic names這個(gè)概念。從它的構(gòu)詞上我們也可以猜出它的基本意思。但如果從其上下文來(lái)理解,意思則更加明顯了。as(正如)引出的定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明Ptolemy就是古埃及統(tǒng)治者的名字,即這個(gè)名字代表著Ptolemy王朝。因此我們可以推測(cè)dynastic意思是“表示朝代的”或“代表王朝的”。所以 dynastic names的意思就是“朝代名稱、國(guó)號(hào)”。那么下文中所說(shuō)的“對(duì)我的一個(gè)稱謂或我的一個(gè)頭銜”就是根據(jù)Buffalo(這個(gè)朝代名)命名的。
表示舉例的信號(hào)詞有:for example,for instance,such as,as,like等。
例1:Doctors recommend that everyone exercise every day, particularly those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing.
Q: You can tell that when people are doing a sedentary activity, they must be
。跘] sitting.[B] learning.[C] relaxing.[D] running.
【分析】答案為[A]。like reading, typing or sewing(如讀書、打字、縫紉)是對(duì)sedentary activities的舉例說(shuō)明。這些活動(dòng)有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)就是坐著不動(dòng)、缺少運(yùn)動(dòng),所以答案應(yīng)選[A]。
例2:People wear black clothes at some serious ceremonies, for example at funerals and graduations.
Q: You can tell that a ceremony is
。跘] a special occasion.[B] a special sport.[C] a special holiday.[D] a special person.
【分析】答案為[A]。其實(shí)大家都理解ceremony這個(gè)詞的意思,這樣可以更清楚地看到ceremonies和 funerals,graduations之間的上下義關(guān)系,所以選[A]。
2. 推理線索
我們知道句子是由詞群或詞組群組合而成的, 其中詞與詞或詞組與詞組之間總是存在一定的搭配與銜接關(guān)系,即它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系。上下文的句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間也存在這樣的邏輯關(guān)系。這些邏輯關(guān)系所形成的推測(cè)依據(jù),就是我們所說(shuō)的推理線索。
例1:Generosity can not be measured by the amount of money that one spends to benefit other people.
Q: True generosity comes from one's heart, not from his
。跘] time.[B] labor.[C] mind.[D] purse.
【分析】答案為[D]。因?yàn)樵恼f(shuō)了一個(gè)人是否寬容大方不能用他為別人花了多少錢來(lái)衡量;題干接著就問(wèn)大方來(lái)自于一個(gè)人的心,而非別的什么,當(dāng)然選擇錢包最合邏輯。根據(jù)上文關(guān)于大方與金錢關(guān)系論述的線索推測(cè)出“錢包”的結(jié)論。這就是推理技巧的運(yùn)用。
例2:The word umbrella means “l(fā)ittle shadow.”
Q: Perhaps umbrellas were first used as protection from the
。跘] wind.[B] sun.[C] rain.[D] cold.
【分析】答案為[B]。運(yùn)用推理技巧。原文說(shuō)“傘”這個(gè)字的意思是“小蔭”, 而“蔭”是陽(yáng)光下由遮擋物形成的陰影,并非以風(fēng)、雨、冷為條件的產(chǎn)物。因此選[B] 太陽(yáng)。
例3:Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too.
Q: The word “demographers” in the last paragraph most probably means
。跘] people in favor of the trend democracy.[B] advocates of migration between states.[C] scientists engaged in the study of population.[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life.
【分析】答案為[C]。根據(jù)上文邏輯線索:美國(guó)人東搬西遷不僅要看所搬遷到的地方是否有更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),還要看當(dāng)?shù)氐娜丝谑欠窀。這里談的是人口問(wèn)題,因此在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中應(yīng)該不難找出答案:[A] 支持民主的人,風(fēng)馬牛不相及;[B] 州際移民的鼓吹者,不夠貼切;[D] 依戀老式生活方式的人,與文章內(nèi)容關(guān)系不大;而[C] 從事人口問(wèn)題的科學(xué)家,與上文線索“人口問(wèn)題”對(duì)上號(hào), 因而是正確答案。